Language+Development


 * __ Language Development __****Standard: III-B **

__Important Definitions__
 * Communication: the sending and receiving of messages
 * Language: a code in which we make specific symbols stand for something else
 * Receptive language: language one understands/ decoding
 * Expressive language: spoken or printed language one uses/encoding
 * Language age: level of language one can use
 * Mental age: intelligence age
 * Chronological age: actual age
 * Nonverbal Communication: communication without oral language; look of communication
 * Phoneme: Smallest linguistic unit of sound that can change meaning
 * Morphology: study of how morphemes are put together to form words
 * Morpheme: smallest meaningful linguistic unit
 * Syntax: (grammar) study of rules that govern how words are put together to make sentences
 * Semantics: The study of meaning of words
 * Pragmatics: The study of the rules that govern the use of language for social interaction
 * Babbling: Prelinguistic verbal conduct of babies, vocal play
 * Reduplicated Babbling: repeated sound (dadada)
 * Variegated babbling: random sounds (bado)
 * Jargon: strings of sounds and syllables
 * Underextension: restricted use of a word (car meaning only moving cars does not carry over)
 * Overextension: using a word to represent more variety than it does (ex. doggie = all 4 legged animals)
 * Mean Length of utterance (MLU): average number of morphemes/words an individual uses in an utterance, # of words divided by # of utterances
 * Metalinguistics: ability to think about language and comment on it
 * Protoconversations: Conversations between infant and adult, adult give infant turns for speech

__Prelinguistic Communication Development__
 * Perlocutionary stage: 0-8 months, listener interprets meaning0-2 months, reflexive vocalizations
 * 2-4 months, cooing and laughter
 * 4-6 months, vocal play
 * 6-9 months, babbles
 * Reduplicated: mama…mama…mama
 * Variegated: putting sounds together that don’t make words
 * Phonetically consistent forms: sounds relate to object (for child)
 * Illocutionary stage: 8-12 months
 * Child tries to communicate with intention but not real language
 * Child uses gestures, pointing, screams, cries (not just for attention)
 * +10 months child uses jargon: strings of sounds and syllables uttered with rich variety of stress and intonation patterns
 * +10 months child should understand commands and know name

__Early linguistic development__
 * Locutionary stage: 12-18 months
 * Communicates with intention and recognizable language
 * First words other people can understand
 * 12 month: 1 word period
 * Phonology: not breaking down sounds, words are whole unit
 * Semantics: names for things, child understands meanings
 * Pragmatics: turn taking
 * 18-26 months: 2 word period
 * Syntax: combine 1 word utterances to create 2
 * Negation serves a variety of purposes
 * Questions; what, yes/no, simple where or when
 * Compound or complex sentences
 * Relative clauses; describe or modify noun
 * Morphemes
 * Semantics
 * Semantic relations between 2 words
 * Time/temporal: at time and directly before
 * Special: presuppositions
 * Deitic words: I and you change meaning
 * Vocabulary: not always correct word
 * Rapid development of about 200 words
 * Pragmatics
 * Indirect language to try and be subtle
 * Polite forms
 * Take listener’s perspective
 * Turn taking expands
 * Topic maintenance is more sophisticated
 * Revisions/ corrections of their own language
 * Not very fluent
 * Mazes in and out of social situations
 * Narratives
 * Metalinguistics: child thinks about how they use language (and others)
 * Know about 5 body parts
 * Child can walk without assistance

__Preschool Language Development__
 * Syntax
 * Browns stages below
 * Semantics development
 * Lexical meaning: understands the real definition for words
 * Relational meaning: sequence of events
 * Context: child will pay attention to what people say and how they say it
 * Pragmatics
 * Child uses language to accomplish a wider range of functions
 * Conversational skills
 * Narratives become more involved
 * Verbalize toilet needs
 * Motor characteristics
 * Jump off of floor with 2 feet
 * Turn pages one by one
 * Walk on tip toes
 * Undress and dress
 * Drink out of full glass with one hand

__School Age Language: K-5__
 * Syntax: uses more complex phrases
 * Morphological structures, uses more elaborate forms, embedded phrases, more modifiers/ multiple adjectives, passive forms
 * Semantics: non-literal meaning begins to appear
 * Metaphors, similes, idioms, proverbs, humor
 * Pragmatics
 * Complex narratives/details, conversational skills, clarification, topic maintenance, code switching, indirect requests
 * Metalinguistic development
 * Ability to think about language
 * Typically begins after preschool stage

__Adolescent Language Development__
 * Syntax
 * MLU continues to grow (grammar & length)
 * Sentence complexity increases
 * Semantics
 * Definitions for words become more sophisticated
 * Analogies
 * Ambiguous
 * Figurative language
 * Understands multiple meanings for words
 * Pragmatics
 * Adaptive communication: changes topics for audience
 * Topic maintenance
 * Topic shifts
 * Effective persuasion
 * Complex narratives

Click [|here] for information about Brown's Stages of Development. For more information on language development click [|here]

__Brown’s Morphemes__
 * Present Progressive – ing
 * Preposition- in
 * Preposition- on
 * Regular Plural- table**s**
 * Irregular past tense- went
 * Possessive- cat’s pillow
 * Uncontractible copula- am I warm
 * Articles- “a”, “the”, “an”
 * Regular past tense- I walked
 * Regular third person singular- she walks
 * Irregular third person singular- she has fun
 * Uncontractible Auxiliary- I was running
 * Contractible Copula- I’m warm
 * Contractible Auxiliary- I’m running

__Piaget’s stages of cognitive development__
 * Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
 * 0-2 months: reflexive vocal behavior & sensorimotor behavior
 * 2-4 months: coordinated eye-hand and hand mouth movements
 * 4-8 months: acts on objects, searches for objects, imitates sounds, babbles
 * 8-12 months: walking, first word
 * 12-18 months: object permanence, imitates person’s behavior, experiments with properties and functions of objects
 * 18-24 months: uses words when referents are not present, solves problems, cause and effect, symbolic play
 * Preoperational (2-7 years)
 * Preconceptual (2-4): egocentric, overextends word meanings, underextends word meanings
 * Intuitive (4-7): egocentric, concreteness of thought, improved/inadequate classification skills, lack of conservation
 * Concrete Operations (7-11 years)
 * Less egocentric/ sees other point of view, conversational skills, logic, effective classification skills
 * Formal Operations (over 11 years)
 * Lack of egocentricity, abstract thought, inductive and deductive reasoning, verbal reasoning, hypothetical reasoning

__Theories of language development__
 * Behavioral/Skinner: language acquisition as learning behavior
 * Nativist/ Chomsky: children born with language acquisition device that has universal rule of language
 * Cognitive/Piaget: cognition and intellect make language acquisition possible/ 4 stages
 * Information-processing: auditory processing is essential for learning language
 * Social interactionism/Vygotsky: language develops as result of social interaction

//Reference// Bowen, C. (1998). Brown's Stages: The development of morphonogy and syntax, Retrieved from http://www.speech-language-therapy.com/BrownsStages.htm on April 14, 2009. Child Development Institute LLC. (1998). //Language Development in Children//. Retrieved April 14, 2009, from http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/language_development.shtml. Hegde, M.N. (2008). //Hegde's Pocketguide to Communication Disorders//. New York: Delmar Learning. Reed, V. (2005). //An Introduction To Children With Language Disorders (3 Ed.).// New York: Pearson. Roseberry-McKibbin, C., Hegde, M. (2006). An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology. Texas: Pro-Ed.