Articulation-Phonology

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=__Articulation and Phonology__=
 * Standard: III-A and III-C **




 * Definition: Difficulty producing speech sounds accurately with no pattern or rule.

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 * "The following age norms were established as part of the Nebraska-Iowa Articulation Norms Project. The charts below show at what age males and females should be using correctly articulated consonant sounds. Vowel sounds are currently considered intact by age three."

FEMALES: AGE 3 - b, p, m, n, h, w, d, g, k, f AGE 4 - y, t, t, kw, voiced th AGE 5 - f, v, l, pl ,bl, kl, gl, fl AGE 6 - sh, ch, j, l, voiceless th AGE 7 - s, z, s blends, ing AGE 8 - r, pr, br, dr, gr, kr, dr, fr, er, AGE 9 - thr, str, spr, skr

MALES: AGE 3 - p, b, m, t, d, k, h, f, AGE 4 - g AGE 5 - f, v, y, tw, kw AGE 6 - l, l blends AGE 7 - ch, sh, j, voiced th, ing, s, z, s blends AGE 8 - voiceless th, r, r blend, er AGE 9 - thr, str, spr, skr


 * Types of articulation errors:
 * Substitution (Producing one sound instead of another)
 * Omission (Deletion of sound)
 * Addition (Adding a sound)
 * Distortion (Producing a sound incorrectly)


 * [|Distinctive Features Chart]: Each sound is made up distinct features that when combined make that sound.


 * Phonological Processes: What children do in the normal development of speech to simply adult productions.
 * Common Phonological Processes:
 * Backing--/kap/ for "top"
 * Cluster Reduction-- "tuck" for "truck"
 * Epenthesis-- "balu" for "blue"
 * Final consonant deletion--/da/ for "doll"
 * Fronting--"tandy" for "candy"
 * Stopping--/top/ for "soap"


 * =Apraxia Of Speech=
 * Defined: A motor sequencing disorder resulting in disordered volitional movement in the absence of muscle weakness, paralysis, or fatigue.


 * Types:
 * Adult Apraxia of Speech-- most often associated with Broca's aphasia.
 * Childhood Aparaxia of Speech--[|ASHA's stance of CAS]
 * Symptoms:
 * Groping
 * Multiple substitutions, omissions, deletions, and distortions
 * Prosodic deficits such as loud volume and dysfluencies.


 * =Dysarthria=


 * Defined: A group of motor speech disorders as a result of impaired muscle control of the speech mechanism due to damage to the peripheral or central nervous system.


 * Types:
 * Spastic--Bilateral upper motor neuron lesion; mastication problems and dysphagia; return of pathological reflexes; hypertonicity and hyperflexia.
 * Flaccid--Bilateral or unilateral lower motor neuron lesion; symptoms vary by cranial nerve effected; fasiculation and hypotonicity.
 * Mixed Spastic and Flaccid--Both upper and mower motor neuron lesions; progression from spastic to flaccid.
 * Hypokinetic--Basal Ganglia lesion; abnormalities in movement (possity of movement).
 * Hyperkinetic--Basal Ganglia lesion; abnormalities in movement (abundance of movement).
 * Ataxic--Cerebellum lesion; example=multiple sclerosis
 * Mixed--Multiple lesions; combination of spactic and athetoid

In general treatment should focus on modifications of respiration, phonoation, resonance, articulation, and/or prosody depending on type of dysarthria.
 * Treatment:

References:

ASHA. (2009). //Childhood Apraxia of Speech.// From:http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/ChildhoodApraxia.htm

Consoli, Wendy. (2008). //Articulation Norms.// From:http://www.esu1.org/dept/sped/speech/slparticnorms.html

Hegde, M.N. (2008). //Hegde's Pocketguide to Assessment in Speech-Language Pathology//. New York: Delmar Learning.

Hegde, M.N. (2008). //Hegde's Pocketguide to Communication Disorders//. New York: Delmar Learning.

Hegde, M.N. (2008). //Hegde's Pocketguide to Treatment in Speech-Language Pathology//. New York: Delmar Learning.

Kabak, B. (2002). //Consonant Distinctive Features.// From:http://www.ling.udel.edu/kabak/phonology/Tables/dfc.htm

Shipley, K & McAfee, J. (2004). //Assessment in Speech-Language Pathology//. New York: Delmar Learning.